Replication

DocDB replicates data in order to survive failures while continuing to maintain consistency of data and not requiring operator intervention. The replication factor (RF) is the number of copies of data in a YugabyteDB universe. The fault tolerance (FT) of a YugabyteDB universe is the maximum number of node failures it can survive while continuing to preserve correctness of data. FT and RF are highly correlated. To achieve a FT of k nodes, the universe has to be configured with a RF of (2k + 1).

Strong write consistency

Replication of data in DocDB is achieved at the level of tablets, using tablet-peers. Each tablet comprises of a set of tablet-peers - each of which stores one copy of the data belonging to the tablet. There are as many tablet-peers for a tablet as the replication factor, and they form a Raft group. The tablet-peers are hosted on different nodes to allow data redundancy on node failures. Note that the replication of data between the tablet-peers is strongly consistent.

The figure below illustrates three tablet-peers that belong to a tablet (tablet 1). The tablet-peers are hosted on different YB-TServers and form a Raft group for leader election, failure detection and replication of the write-ahead logs.

The first thing that happens when a tablet starts up is to elect one of the tablet-peers as the leader using the Raft protocol. This tablet leader now becomes responsible for processing user-facing write requests. It translates the user-issued writes into the document storage layer of DocDB and also replicates among the tablet-peers using Raft to achieve strong consistency. The set of DocDB updates depends on the user-issued write, and involves locking a set of keys to establish a strict update order, and optionally reading the older value to modify and update in case of a read-modify-write operation. The Raft log is used to ensure that the database state-machine of a tablet is replicated amongst the tablet-peers with strict ordering and correctness guarantees even in the face of failures or membership changes. This is essential to achieving strong consistency.

Once the Raft log is replicated to a majority of tablet-peers and successfully persisted on the majority, the write is applied into DocDB document storage layer and is subsequently available for reads. Once the write is persisted on disk by the document storage layer, the write entries can be purged from the Raft log. This is performed as a controlled background operation without any impact to the foreground operations.

Tunable read consistency

Only the tablet leader can process user-facing write and read requests. Note that while this is the case for strongly consistent reads, YugabyteDB offers reading from followers with relaxed guarantees which is desired in some deployment models. All other tablet-peers are called followers and merely replicate data, and are available as hot standbys that can take over quickly in case the leader fails.

read replicas

In addition to the core distributed consensus based replication, DocDB extends Raft to add read replicas (aks observer nodes) that do not participate in writes but get a timeline consistent copy of the data in an asynchronous manner. Nodes in remote datacenters can thus be added in "read-only" mode. This is primarily for cases where latency of doing a distributed consensus based write is not tolerable for some workloads. This read-only node (or timeline-consistent node) is still strictly better than eventual consistency, because with the latter the application's view of the data can move back and forth in time and is hard to program to.