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  • YUGABYTEDB CORE
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  • YUGABYTEDB ANYWHERE
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  • YUGABYTEDB MANAGED
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        • Before you begin
        • Java
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  • INTEGRATIONS
    • Apache Kafka
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  • REFERENCE
    • Architecture
      • Design goals
      • Key concepts
        • Universe
        • YB-TServer Service
        • YB-Master Service
      • Core functions
        • Universe creation
        • Table creation
        • Write IO path
        • Read IO path
        • High availability
      • Layered architecture
      • Query layer
        • Overview
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        • Transactions overview
        • Transaction isolation levels
        • Explicit locking
        • Read Committed
        • Single-row transactions
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        • Transactional IO path
      • DocDB sharding layer
        • Hash & range sharding
        • Tablet splitting
        • Colocated tables
      • DocDB replication layer
        • Replication
        • xCluster replication
        • Read replicas
        • Change data capture (CDC)
      • DocDB storage layer
        • Persistence
        • Performance
    • APIs
      • YSQL
        • The SQL language
          • SQL statements
            • ABORT
            • ALTER DATABASE
            • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
            • ALTER DOMAIN
            • ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE
            • ALTER GROUP
            • ALTER POLICY
            • ALTER ROLE
            • ALTER SEQUENCE
            • ALTER SERVER
            • ALTER TABLE
            • ALTER USER
            • ANALYZE
            • BEGIN
            • CALL
            • COMMENT
            • COMMIT
            • COPY
            • CREATE AGGREGATE
            • CREATE CAST
            • CREATE DATABASE
            • CREATE DOMAIN
            • CREATE EXTENSION
            • CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE
            • CREATE FUNCTION
            • CREATE GROUP
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • CREATE OPERATOR
            • CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
            • CREATE POLICY
            • CREATE PROCEDURE
            • CREATE ROLE
            • CREATE RULE
            • CREATE SCHEMA
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE SERVER
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLE AS
            • CREATE TRIGGER
            • CREATE TYPE
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE USER MAPPING
            • CREATE VIEW
            • DEALLOCATE
            • DELETE
            • DO
            • DROP AGGREGATE
            • DROP CAST
            • DROP DATABASE
            • DROP DOMAIN
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            • DROP FOREIGN TABLE
            • DROP FUNCTION
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            • DROP RULE
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            • DROP TABLE
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            • DROP TYPE
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            • END
            • EXECUTE
            • EXPLAIN
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            • IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
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            • SELECT
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            • SET ROLE
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            • SHOW
            • SHOW TRANSACTION
            • TRUNCATE
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            • VALUES
          • WITH clause
            • WITH clause—SQL syntax and semantics
            • recursive CTE
            • case study—traversing an employee hierarchy
            • traversing general graphs
              • graph representation
              • common code
              • undirected cyclic graph
              • directed cyclic graph
              • directed acyclic graph
              • rooted tree
              • Unique containing paths
              • Stress testing find_paths()
            • case study—Bacon Numbers from IMDb
              • Bacon numbers for synthetic data
              • Bacon numbers for IMDb data
        • Data types
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              • Four ways to specify offset
                • Name-resolution rules
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                  • 2 ~names.abbrev never searched
                  • 3 'set timezone' string not resolved in ~abbrevs.abbrev
                  • 4 ~abbrevs.abbrev before ~names.name
                  • Helper functions
              • Syntax contexts for offset
              • Recommended practice
            • Typecasting between date-time and text-values
            • Semantics of the date-time data types
              • Date data type
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              • Plain timestamp and timestamptz
              • Interval data type
                • Interval representation
                  • Ad hoc examples
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                • Justify() and extract(epoch...)
                • Interval arithmetic
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                  • Interval-interval addition and subtraction
                  • Interval-number multiplication
                  • Moment-moment overloads of "-"
                  • Moment-interval overloads of "+" and "-"
                • Custom interval domains
                • Interval utility functions
            • Typecasting between date-time datatypes
            • Operators
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              • Test addition overloads
              • Test subtraction overloads
              • Test multiplication overloads
              • Test division overloads
            • General-purpose functions
              • Creating date-time values
              • Manipulating date-time values
              • Current date-time moment
              • Delaying execution
              • Miscellaneous
                • Function age()
                • Function extract() | date_part()
                • Implementations that model the overlaps operator
            • Formatting functions
            • Case study—SQL stopwatch
            • Download & install the date-time utilities
            • ToC
          • JSON
            • JSON literals
            • Primitive and compound data types
            • Code example conventions
            • Indexes and check constraints
            • Functions & operators
              • ::jsonb, ::json, ::text (typecast)
              • ->, ->>, #>, #>> (JSON subvalues)
              • - and #- (remove)
              • || (concatenation)
              • = (equality)
              • @> and <@ (containment)
              • ? and ?| and ?& (key or value existence)
              • array_to_json()
              • jsonb_agg()
              • jsonb_array_elements()
              • jsonb_array_elements_text()
              • jsonb_array_length()
              • jsonb_build_object()
              • jsonb_build_array()
              • jsonb_each()
              • jsonb_each_text()
              • jsonb_extract_path()
              • jsonb_extract_path_text() and json_extract_path_text()
              • jsonb_object()
              • jsonb_object_agg()
              • jsonb_object_keys()
              • jsonb_populate_record()
              • jsonb_populate_recordset()
              • jsonb_pretty()
              • jsonb_set() and jsonb_insert()
              • jsonb_strip_nulls()
              • jsonb_to_record()
              • jsonb_to_recordset()
              • jsonb_typeof()
              • row_to_json()
              • to_jsonb()
          • Money
          • Numeric
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              • array_agg(), string_agg(), jsonb_agg(), jsonb_object_agg()
              • bit_and(), bit_or(), bool_and(), bool_or()
              • variance(), var_pop(), var_samp(), stddev(), stddev_pop(), stddev_samp()
              • linear regression
                • covar_pop(), covar_samp(), corr()
                • regr_%()
              • mode(), percentile_disc(), percentile_cont()
              • rank(), dense_rank(), percent_rank(), cume_dist()
            • case study—percentile_cont() and the "68–95–99.7" rule
            • case study—linear regression on COVID data
              • Download the COVIDcast data
              • Ingest the COVIDcast data
                • Inspect the COVIDcast data
                • Copy the .csv files to staging tables
                • Check staged data conforms to the rules
                • Join the staged data into a single table
                • SQL scripts
                  • Create cr_staging_tables()
                  • Create cr_copy_from_scripts()
                  • Create assert_assumptions_ok()
                  • Create xform_to_covidcast_fb_survey_results()
                  • ingest-the-data.sql
              • Analyze the COVIDcast data
                • symptoms vs mask-wearing by day
                • Data for scatter-plot for 21-Oct-2020
                • Scatter-plot for 21-Oct-2020
                • SQL scripts
                  • analysis-queries.sql
                  • synthetic-data.sql
          • currval()
          • lastval()
          • nextval()
          • setval()
          • Window functions
            • Informal functionality overview
            • Invocation syntax and semantics
            • Per function signature and purpose
              • row_number(), rank() and dense_rank()
              • percent_rank(), cume_dist() and ntile()
              • first_value(), nth_value(), last_value()
              • lag(), lead()
              • Tables for the code examples
                • table t1
                • table t2
                • table t3
                • table t4
            • case study—analyzing a normal distribution
              • Bucket allocation scheme
              • do_clean_start.sql
              • cr_show_t4.sql
              • cr_dp_views.sql
              • cr_int_views.sql
              • cr_pr_cd_equality_report.sql
              • cr_bucket_using_width_bucket.sql
              • cr_bucket_dedicated_code.sql
              • do_assert_bucket_ok
              • cr_histogram.sql
              • cr_do_ntile.sql
              • cr_do_percent_rank.sql
              • cr_do_cume_dist.sql
              • do_populate_results.sql
              • do_report_results.sql
              • do_compare_dp_results.sql
              • do_demo.sql
              • Reports
                • Histogram report
                • dp-results
                • compare-dp-results
                • int-results
          • yb_hash_code()
        • Keywords
        • Reserved names
      • YCQL
        • ALTER KEYSPACE
        • ALTER ROLE
        • ALTER TABLE
        • CREATE INDEX
        • CREATE KEYSPACE
        • CREATE ROLE
        • CREATE TABLE
        • CREATE TYPE
        • DROP INDEX
        • DROP KEYSPACE
        • DROP ROLE
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        • TEXT
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        • UUID and TIMEUUID
        • JSONB
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    • CLIs
      • yb-ctl
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    • Sample datasets
      • Chinook
      • Northwind
      • PgExercises
      • SportsDB
      • Retail Analytics
  • RELEASES
    • Releases overview
      • v2.15 series (preview)
      • v2.13 series
      • v2.12 series (stable)
      • v2.11 series
      • v2.9 series
      • v2.8 series
      • v2.7 series
      • v2.6 series
      • v2.5 series
      • v2.4 series
      • v2.3 series
      • v2.2 series
      • v2.1 series
      • v2.0 series
      • v1.3 series
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      • Azure Cosmos DB
      • Apache Cassandra
      • PostgreSQL
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    • General FAQ
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> Migrate > YugabyteDB Voyager >

Performance Beta

Report a doc issue Suggest new content Contributor guide
  • Improve import performance
    • Techniques to improve performance
  • Improve export performance
  • Test results

This page describes factors that can affect the performance of migration jobs being carried out using yb-voyager, along with the tuneable parameters you can use to improve performance.

Improve import performance

There are several factors that slow down data-ingestion performance in any database:

  • Secondary indexes slow down insert speeds. As the number of indexes increases, insert speed decreases, because the index structures need to be updated for every insert.

  • Constraint checks. Every insert has to satisfy the constraints (including foreign key constraints, value constraints, and so on) defined on a table, which results in extra processing. In distributed databases, this becomes pronounced as foreign key checks invariably mean talking to peer servers.

  • Trigger actions. If triggers are defined on tables for every insert, then the corresponding trigger action (for each insert) is executed, which slows down ingestion.

yb-voyager maximizes performance when migrating data into a newly created empty database in several ways:

  • Creates secondary indexes after the data import is complete. During the import data phase, yb-voyager creates the secondary indexes after it completes data loading on all the tables. Then, it uses Index Backfill to update indexes after data is loaded. This is much faster than online index maintenance.

  • Disables constraint checks. It's safe to disable all the constraint checks provided the data is from a reliable source. For maximum throughput, it is also preferable to not follow any order when populating tables. During the data import phase, yb-voyager disables all constraints, except for primary key violation errors.

    Note

    yb-voyager only disables all the constraints in internal sessions to migrate data.
  • Disables triggers during import to avoid unnecessarily repeating trigger actions in the new target database.

Techniques to improve performance

Use one or more of the following techniques to improve import performance:

  • Load data in parallel. yb-voyager executes N parallel batch ingestion jobs at any given time, where N is equal to the number of nodes in the YugabyteDB cluster. Normally this is considered good default practice. However, if the target cluster runs on high resource machines with a large number of CPU cores, the default may result in underusing CPU resources.

    Use the -–parallel-jobs argument with the import data command to override the default setting. Set --parallel-jobs to the number of available cores in the entire cluster.

    If CPU use is greater than 80%, you should lower the number of jobs. Similarly, if CPU use is low, you can increase the number of jobs.

  • Increase batch size. If the --batch-size (default is 100000) is too small, the import will run slower because the time spent importing data may be comparable or less than the time spent on other tasks, such as bookkeeping, setting up the client connection, and so on.

  • Add disks to reduce disk write contention. YugabyteDB servers can be configured with one or multiple disk volumes to store tablet data. If all tablets are writing to a single disk, write contention can slow down the ingestion speed. Configuring the YB-TServers with multiple disks can reduce disk write contention, thereby increasing throughput. Disks with higher IOPS and better throughput also improve write performance.

  • Specify the number of table splits:

    • For larger tables and indexes that are hash sharded, specify the number of initial tablet splits as a part of the table DDL statement. This can help distribute the table data across multiple nodes right from the get go. Refer to hash-sharded tables for an example of how to specify the number of tablets at table creation time.

    • For larger tables and indexes that are range sharded, if the value ranges of the primary key columns are known ahead of time, pre-split them at the time of creation. Refer to range-sharded tables for an example of how to specify the split points.

  • Increase cluster size. Write contention is reduced with larger cluster sizes.

Note

These performance optimizations apply whether you are importing data using the yb-voyager import data command or the import data file command.

Improve export performance

By default, yb-voyager exports one table at a time. To improve data export, parallelize the export of data from multiple tables using the –-parallel-jobs argument with the export data command to increase the number of jobs. Setting the value too high can however negatively impact performance; a setting of '4' typically performs well.

Test results

yb-voyager was tested using varying configurations, including more parallel jobs, multiple disks, and a larger cluster. The tests were run using a 40MB CSV file with 120 million rows.

The table schema for the test was as follows:

CREATE TABLE topology_flat (
    userid_fill uuid,
    idtype_fill text,
    userid uuid,
    idtype text,
    level int,
    locationgroupid uuid,
    locationid uuid,
    parentid uuid,
    attrs jsonb,
    PRIMARY KEY (userid, level, locationgroupid, parentid, locationid)
);

As more optimizations are introduced, average throughput increases. The following table shows the results.

Run Cluster configuration yb-voyager flags CPU usage Average throughput
3 parallel jobs 3 node RF 3 cluster, c5.4x large (16 cores 32 GB)
1 EBS Type gp3 disk per node, 3000 IOPS, 125 MiB bandwidth
batch-size=200k
parallel-jobs=3
~50% 43K rows/sec
Increase jobs
(1 per core)
3 node RF 3 cluster, c5.4x large (16 cores 32 GB)
1 EBS Type gp3 disk per node, 3000 IOPS, 125 MiB bandwidth
batch-size=200k
parallel-jobs=48
~80% 117K rows/sec
Add disks 3 node RF 3 cluster, c5.4x large (16 cores 32GB)
4 EBS Type gp3 disks per node, 3000 IOPS, 125 MiB bandwidth
~90% 193K rows/sec
Add nodes 6 Node RF 3 cluster, c5.4x large (16 cores 32GB)
4 EBS Type gp3 disks per node, 3000 IOPS, 125 MiB bandwidth
~90% 227K rows/sec
  • Improve import performance
    • Techniques to improve performance
  • Improve export performance
  • Test results
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